identifications of species in the voynich manuscript

Folio

Scientific name

Trivial name

Author

1v

Solanum

Solatrium

Belladonna

PETERSEN [1]

1v

Ipomea aborescens [2]

Soap plant

TUCKER & TALBERT (2013)

1v

Atropa

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

1v

Atropa

Belladonna +

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

2r

Centaurea sp.

BAX (2014)

2r

Cyanus silvestris (O'Neill)

Centauria (Holm)

PETERSEN  [8]

2r

Cyanus?

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

2v

Coliocasia

Egyptian lotus

PETERSEN  [8]

2v

Nymphoides aquatica

TUCKER & TALBERT (2013)

2v

Colosia?

Villarsia

Limnanthemum

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

3r

Crassulatea

(Cretan dittany), [illeg.]

PETERSEN  [8]

3r

Dictamnus?

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

3v

Helleborus cf. niger

BAX (2014)

4r

Hypericum

Centarium Erythaea (O'Neill)

PETERSEN  [8]

4r

Hypericum?

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

4r

Hypericum ++

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

4v

Cobvulvula ipomea?

PETERSEN  [8]

4v

Cobaea cf. biauritia

C. cf. scandens

TUCKER & TALBERT (2013)

4v

Ipomea?

Scammonia?

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

5r

Paris, Indian cucumber?

PETERSEN  [8]

5r

Paris?

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

5v

Parietaria (O'Neill)

PETERSEN  [8]

5v

Jatropha cathartica jicamilla

TUCKER & TALBERT (2013)

5v

Geranium

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

6r

Asclepiades

PETERSEN  [8]

6r

Aristolochia?

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

6v

Arctium?

Bidenus hypnis (O'Neill)

Black gum tree?

castor oil, ricinus

PETERSEN  [8]

6v

Ricinus

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

6v

Castor oil plant

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

7r

Nymphaea alba

Nenufar

PETERSEN  [8]

7r

Paeonia

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

7v

Polygonum persicarum (ELV)

Bisangia?
Potentilla selvaticus?

PETERSEN  [8]

7v

Polygonum

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

8r

Praenanthes (O'Neill)

Atriplex hastata (ELV)

PETERSEN  [8]

8r

Atriplex

Orache

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

8v

Silene

PETERSEN  [8]

8v

Oleander

Verbena?

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

9r

Chalidonium magna

PETERSEN  [8]

9r

Delphinium?

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

9v

Viola tricoloris

Herba trinitatis (O'Neill)

PETERSEN  [8]

9v

Viola bicolor

TUCKER & TALBERT (2013)

9v

Viola

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

9v

Pansy ++

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

10r

Scabiosa

PETERSEN  [8]

10v

Hellebora? orientalis

PETERSEN  [8]

10v

Helleborus?

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

11r

Silene scambis

PETERSEN  [8]

11v

Leonotus

Leonarus

PETERSEN  [8]

13r

Tussilago petronites

PETERSEN  [8]

13r

Petasites cf. frigidus var. palmatus

Western sweet-coltsfoot

TUCKER & TALBERT (2013)

13r

Tussilago

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

13v

Crassolatea Fetthenne

PETERSEN  [8]

14r

Sagittaria

Pfeilkraut

PETERSEN  [8]

14v

Osmodei

PETERSEN  [8]

14v

Botrychium

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

15r

Some thistle

PETERSEN  [8]

15v

Herba Paris

PETERSEN  [8]

15v

Lilium?

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

16r

Juniperus oxycedrus

BAX (2014)

16r

Canabis

hemp

PETERSEN  [8]

16r

Aconitum?

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

16v

Eryngium cf. heterophyllum

TUCKER & TALBERT (2013)

16v

Eryngium?

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

17v

Smilax

Tamus communis

PETERSEN  [8]

17v

Tamus?

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

18r

Calendula officinaris

Ringelblume (O'Neill)

PETERSEN  [8]

18r

Aster?

Calendula

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

20r

Polytrichnum (O'Neill)

moss

cf. cranberry

PETERSEN  [8]

20r

Arctostaphylis

Poterium?

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

20v

Fam. compositae (O'Neill)

chicory?, salsify?

PETERSEN  [8]

20v

Tragopogon salsifica

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

21r

Polygonum

 Tymium

Eisenkraut

PETERSEN  [8]

21r

Herniaria?

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

21v

Salvia?

Steinbrech

PETERSEN  [8]

21v

Crassula?

Sedum?

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

22v

Sedum?

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

23r

Helleborum

Water Veronia

stinkende Mierwurz

PETERSEN  [8]

23r

Ribes malvaceum

TUCKER & TALBERT (2013)

23r

Veronica

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

23v

Passiflora cf. moriflora

TUCKER & TALBERT (2013)

24r

Libnis alba Behen

PETERSEN  [8]

24r

Silene cf. menziesii

Menzie's catchfly

TUCKER & TALBERT (2013)

24r

Lychnis?

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

24v

Origophyllus (???)

[illeg.]

PETERSEN  [8]

24v

Lychnis?

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

25r

Urtica cf.  chamaedryoides

heartleave nettle

O'NEILL (1944) [3]

25r

Menta hortensis

Mercurialis

Mentha arvensis

M. urtica

Mentastrum (O'Neill)

Mentha piperata

Herzkraut (O'Neill)

Marrube

PETERSEN  [8]

25r

Parietaria

Urtica?

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

25v

Leontopodium

Plantago

Edelweiss

PETERSEN  [8]

25v

Phrynosoma cornutum

Texas horned lizard

TUCKER & TALBERT (2013)

25v

Plantago

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

25v

Plantain +

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

26r

Gnaphalium

PETERSEN  [8]

26v

Verbena foenica

Creutzwurz

PETERSEN  [8]

27r

Colchicum autumnale

Crocus sativus

BAX (2014)

27r

Asarium

Haselwurz [the smaller one]

PETERSEN  [8]

27r

Datura?

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

28r

Arum

Anisarum

PETERSEN  [8]

28r

Rumex

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

28v

Arnica?

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

29r

lappa bur[... /illeg]

PETERSEN  [8]

29r

Arctium?

Xanthium?

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

29r

Burdoch or the nearly allied Burweed ++

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

29v

Nigella sativa

BAX (2014)

30r

Menanthes trifolia

Schuppenwurz?

PETERSEN  [8]

30r

Meryanthes

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

30v

Boragine

PETERSEN  [8]

30v

Penthorum seloides

Ditch stonecrop

TUCKER & TALBERT (2013)

30v

Lithospermum

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

31r

Gossypium herbaceum

BAX (2014)

31r

Hyrciacum

Aratum

henbane

PETERSEN  [8]

31r

Hyasciamus

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

31r

Henbane

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

31v

Heracleum cervafolium

PETERSEN  [8]

32r

Mentastrum (O'Neill)

Brunella vulgaris

Rosenmüntz

PETERSEN  [8]

32r

Ocimum campechianum

TUCKER & TALBERT (2013)

32r

Mentha

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

32r

Some kind of mint

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

32v

Campanula

Rapunculus

Convolvulus orectus

PETERSEN  [8]

32v

Ipomea pubescens

Silky morning-glory

TUCKER & TALBERT (2013)

32v

Malva?

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

33r

Mandragora?

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

33v

Scabiosa

PETERSEN  [8]

33v

Psacalium peltigerum cf. var. latilobum

TUCKER & TALBERT (2013)

33v

Knautia

Scabiosa

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

34r

Scabiosa

[illeg.]

PETERSEN  [8]

34r

Scabiosa

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

34v

Libanotis umbilifera

PETERSEN  [8]

34v

Eryngium?

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

35r

Leonuris?

orchid root?

PETERSEN  [8]

35v

Uva quercina

Quercus

oak gall apple? No!

grapevine?

PETERSEN  [8]

35v

Uva quercina

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

35v

The fabulous 'grapes of oak'

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

36r

Geranium

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

36v

[illeg]

PETERSEN  [8]

36v

Dorstenia cf. contrajerva

TUCKER & TALBERT (2013)

36v

Cannabis

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

36v

Indian hemp

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

37r

Valerian

Baldrian

PETERSEN  [8]

37r

Sambucus?

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

37r

Dwarf Elder (Dnewort)

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

38r

Aster luzei

Asarum?

PETERSEN  [8]

38v

(Cichrium?)

Lactuca

PETERSEN  [8]

38v

Cynarum?

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

39r

Colchicum

Crocus

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

39v

[illeg.]

PETERSEN  [8]

39v

Primula?

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

40r

[illeg.]

PETERSEN  [8]

40r

Primula?

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

40v

Helianthus tuberosus

Thistle

Jerusalem artichoke

PETERSEN  [8]

41r

Thistle

PETERSEN  [8]

41r

Carduas?

Cnicus?

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

41v

Coriandrum sativum

BAX (2014)

41v

[illeg.]

Fern

Maidenham fern???

Tansy?

PETERSEN  [8]

41v

Daucus

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

42r

Arum sagittarium

PETERSEN  [8]

42r

(left plant)

Rumex acetosa

Green Sorrel

SUZEK & HAJIC (2001)

42r

(right plant)

Oxalis sp.

Sorrel

SUZEK & HAJIC (2001)

42r

Ranunculus?

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

42v

Ranuncularia [illeg.]

(ELV)

PETERSEN  [8]

42v

Calathea cf. loesneri

TUCKER & TALBERT (2013)

42v

Aquilegia?

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

43r

Antemum

Gnaphalium

PETERSEN  [8]

43r

Belledactrum

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

43v

Polygonum?

Bistorta?

PETERSEN  [8]

43v

Polygonum

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

44r

Veratrum

PETERSEN  [8]

44r

Veratrum?

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

45r

Salvia cacaliifolia

TUCKER & TALBERT (2013)

45r

Glycyrrhiza?

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

45v

Contellaria

Veronica?

Camedris beatrum

Ehrenpreis?

PETERSEN  [8]

45v

Hyptis albida

TUCKER & TALBERT (2013)

45v

Teucrium?

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

46r

Asclepias

roots

PETERSEN  [8]

46r

Asclepias?

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

46v

boragine, anchusa

PETERSEN  [8]

47r

indian cucumber?

PETERSEN  [8]

47v

Doronicum

Pardalianchus (Holm)

Gemswurz

PETERSEN  [8]

47v

Anchusa?

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

48r

(cyanus?) no!

PETERSEN  [8]

48r

Hyasciamus

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

48v

Geum?

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

49r

Tamus communis (Holm)

Scam[m]onia

PETERSEN  [8]

49r

Dermophis mexicanus

caecilian

TUCKER & TALBERT (2013)

49r

Convulvulus?

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

49v

Lunaria

Holm: Cyclamen

Alpenveilchen

PETERSEN  [8]

49v

Lunaria

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

50r

Artichoke [illeg]

species of sunflower?

PETERSEN  [8]

50v

O'Neil: Umbellifera? (coxcomb?)

PETERSEN  [8]

51r

Mandrake (Manley)

PETERSEN  [8]

51v

Licopsis,

(Sedum majus)?

Verbascum thapsiforme, Mullein

Cow's tongue

Hauswurz

Königskerze

PETERSEN  [8]

51v

Lycopsis

Symphytum

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

51v

Lycopsis or a nearly allied Boraginace* plant ++

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

52r

[illeg]

PETERSEN  [8]

52r

Aristolochia?

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

52v

Acanthus?

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

53r

Elecampane

PETERSEN  [8]

53r

Inula

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

53v

hieracium

hawk weed

PETERSEN  [8]

54r

thistle

leaves of boneset

PETERSEN  [8]

54r

Carduas?

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

55v

Elephants ear?

PETERSEN  [8]

56r

Boragine echium

Dianthus flower (convulvulus?)

PETERSEN  [8]

56r

Phacelia campanularia

California bluebell

TUCKER & TALBERT (2013)

56r

Borago

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

56r

Borage or a near relative

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

56v

Aristolochia?

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

57r

Geranium

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

65r

Spiraea filipendula

Rue, dropwort

PETERSEN  [8]

65r

Valeriana albonervata

TUCKER & TALBERT (2013)

65r

Geranium

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

65v

Chamomile

St. Jacobskraut

PETERSEN  [8]

65v

Anthemis

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

65v

Chamomila ++

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

66v

Primula?

PETERSEN  [8]

66v

Asistolochia?

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

68v

Spiral Galaxy M31

Andromeda Galaxy

SEYMOUR (1992)

70r

Atractosteus spatula [4]

alligator gar

TUCKER & TALBERT (2013)

70v1 (="70v")

Ovis canadensis cf. mexicana

Mexican big horn sheep

TUCKER & TALBERT (2013)

72r

Leopardus padalis [5]

Ocelot

TUCKER & TALBERT (2013)

72r1 (="71v")

Bos taurus taurus

Retinta breed of cattle

TUCKER & TALBERT (2013)

72r3 (="71v")

Cambarellus montezumae

Mexican crayfish

TUCKER & TALBERT (2013)

73r (="73")

Puma yagouaroundi ccomitli [6]

Black Gulf Coast jaguarundi

TUCKER & TALBERT (2013)

86v1

Volcano

TUCKER & TALBERT (2013)

87v

Left: Primula dianthus

Right: Tanacetum vulga[re]

Achilleia millefolium

Wegrain

Tansy

Schafgarbe

PETERSEN  [8]

88r

(Plant nr. 11)

Lupinus montanus

TUCKER & TALBERT (2013)

88r ff.

ciboria and oil stocks of 16th century Spanish Catholic church ceremonies [7]

TUCKER & TALBERT (2013)

90r

Caulanthus heterophylla

San Diego wild cabbage, San Diego jewelflower

TUCKER & TALBERT (2013)

90r1

Papaver somniferum

Holm

Poppy

PETERSEN  [8]

90r1

Papaver

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

90r2

Absinthium

Artemisium

Wermuth

PETERSEN  [8]

90v1

Sphondylium?

not Löwenklau?

PETERSEN  [8]

90v2

Xeranthium?

Leaves of Osmunda regalis

PETERSEN  [8]

93r

Helianthus annus

Sunflower

O'NEILL (1944)

93r

 Helianthus

O'Neill Sunflower

(like coxcomb?)

PETERSEN  [8]

93v

Manihot rubicaulis

TUCKER & TALBERT (2013)

94r

Botriculum

Lunaria??

Mondfarn

PETERSEN  [8]

95r

Actea cf. rubra neglecta

Baneberry

TUCKER & TALBERT (2013)

95r1

[illeg]

PETERSEN  [8]

95v1

Artemisium

Absinthium

Wermut

PETERSEN  [8]

95v2

Actaea

Waxberry

Ban[e]berry?

PETERSEN  [8]

95v2

Actaea?

VOYNICH Ethel  [8]

96r

O'N (Dipsacus calendula)

PETERSEN  [8]

96v

Smilax tracheia

Chenopodium (bonus atruplex)

atruplex or hastata

Good King Henry

PETERSEN  [8]

96v

Dioscorea mexicana

TUCKER & TALBERT (2013)

99r

(Plant at the bottom)

Discorea remotiflora

TUCKER & TALBERT (2013)

100r

(Plant nr. 7)

Philodendron goeldii

TUCKER & TALBERT (2013)

100r

(Plant nr. 8)

Opuntia cf. ficus-indica

TUCKER & TALBERT (2013)

100r

(Plant nr. 14)

Gonolobus chloranthus

TUCKER & TALBERT (2013)

100r

(Plant nr. 2)

Philodendron mexicanum

TUCKER & TALBERT (2013)

100r

(Plant nr. 4)

Yucca sp.

Agave cf. atrovirens

TUCKER & TALBERT (2013)

100r

(Plant nr. 5)

Salazaria mexicana

bladdersage

TUCKER & TALBERT (2013)

100v

(Plant Nr. 5)

Botrichum lunaria

Common Moonwort

O'NEILL (1944) [8]

102v2 (="102r")

(item nr. 4)

boleite

halite-mineral

TUCKER & TALBERT (2013)